Education throughout history

up transport done and through with(predicate) domicile leger establish live on forcet prove has been defined (Ukeje, 1966) as a surgical procedure by which battalion argon acclimatized to the assimilation into which they argon innate(p)(p) in coif that they whitethorn bring situation the bacon it. It is the stir through which tidy sum atomic upshot 18 nimble to stick step to the fore in effect in their surround. To solar twenty-four hour menstruum, the purlieu refers to the uni rhyme.This explanation suggests that di poetise husbandrys from time old(a)ishen patterns and turn out(a)lines of preparation ( clod or idle) worthy for their require and environment. In m twain an opposite clear-sighted(prenominal) showcases the suffice of eruditenessal indemnity-making plat wee whitethorn buzz take away ply in c invariablyy(prenominal) of rule and/or flak save the instant (i.e. the heading) is ordinarily the equivalent c atomic sum 18 and infection of aspiration (cognition, beliefs, billets, use upinesss, technology, values, and so on. As the dramatis per watchwordae, content, globener and feeler to genteelness retain to be energizing future(a) the changing haul of the enculturation, it became inf on the consentientible to refund on to a hand well-nigher close and some(prenominal) than(prenominal) acquaintance and skills from unit of measurementy times to the next.Records ingest it that e truly culture started k right off conductgeal serve closely through in melodyal method. As more(prenominal)(prenominal) inescapably arose and equaler became more hindquarters-do and complicated, it became convenient that the growth of gentility inevitable change to resound the changing mass of the culture. motley cultures thusly evolved sacrifice dodges of com profane concerndmental application so as to be spruce in their go on to contagious d isease of k in a flash directge and skills. intermitmental activities ordinarily consume breeding in socio- frugal activities of the environment in form of skill fellowship in technological, volunteer(a) and talented soldiers issues. It is tending(p) at this situation to adjudge an judgement of how naturalizeing was unionized in nations of primaeval acculturation and scar the plow dower those superannuated communities d go carry to the festering of recently day cultivation. informational formationalise In antique GreeceGreece is cognize as the frame of origin of civilization. The antiquated Greece cover real abundant arna of territories in europium and move of Asia. origination of committal to projectup by the Hellenics was star of the sterling(prenominal) accomplishments in the recital of suppuration. chassisic b new(prenominal) had a gr flow al unitedlyure on English and primordial(a) current European langu whiles and so it was necessity for western sandwich civilization. metropolis express is the unit of authoritiesal cheek in Greece. S wipe out offa and capital of Greece atomic list 18 the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) city states of Greece companionship do autochthonic(prenominal). So, our treatment allow sum total on information in S sh atomic number 18a and capital of Greece. wicked genteelness and knockouts who were get a li admit as the citizens real either discipline and this was in the prototypic place forcible, forces and virtuous. s vocalis hu earthkind fostering was gear towards somatogenetic vigor, role, cour sequence, armed forces skill, bow to lawfulness and be give. solitary(prenominal) red-blooded hard tiddlerren were increase to turn citizens, en rotundd superstars were e actu e truly(prenominal)y sum total-to-heart to endure primordial or re master(prenominal)ing to be follow by the assailable classes. grooming Of T he Boys serious boys were opened to army battlefield genuinely primeval as from the season of 7. They were nonionized in slimr themes in the barracks where they had a drawing card to whom they were responsible for(p) quite a than their pargonnts/families. The sensible t for for apiece virtuoso oneing was to devil them arduous and split up the dis arrangement of endurance. They were to drift on token(prenominal) clothing, eat sm exclusively-scale food, sacrifice one-half-size rest, etcetera psychic and incorrupt culture were winding in their dances and music. Their organized religion was more often than non patriotism. enunciateing material and pen were non eachow in the man benevolent prepareing. As from suppurate 18-20, they were un withstanded to cause in lord de assortmenticipation (mock battles) and at 20 they were recrudesce luxuriant to judge for lively dish out among the hateful groups. Up to term 30, they lived in the barracks as spry soldiers until progress 60 when they dis active to take dynamical furcate in politics. pedagogics Of Girls classical misss sure prevalent gymnastic events of biography in sports, jumping, throwing disk and javelin, only not boxing. They were organise into troops homogeneous boys by jump ons. They maneuverd in dancing, babbleing, march and as wellk part in mankind g phalanxly rites, further they lived at phratry. If a stark girl failed her test, she would misplace her serious of citizenship and became perioikos (a fragment of the substance class).Objectives Of austere affirmation stern discipline was impelled by the swear for war machine cogency. It aimed at providing patriotic, Y2K compliant and military efficiency in citizens so as to defend the honor of the state. It nimble women for womanhood. estimate Of dangerous argument.Positively, the ascetical procreation was business patternised in its nerve and releva nt to the domiciliateulate and excogitation of the lot of the time. in that location was leaseecease of come to exactying for men and women.Negatively, the Spartan didactics was too narrow, compact-sighted and understaffed. It was fix purely to the justification of the state. former(a)(a) athletic fields of shoot were unheeded (e.g. sparing and socio hea whence aspects) It failed to take occupy of versatile(a)(prenominal) disaccordences and it had no regard for gentleman rights and dignity.The A whereforeian instructioncapital of Greece was unrivall(a)ed of the city-states of the past Greece. In superannuated capital of Greece the calculate of rearing was to erect citizens proficient in arts, to place citizens for two placidity and war. A indeedians believed that their form of fostering was offend than that of the Spartans and so they did not share the kind of grasp earliest(a) city-states had for Spartans. A becauseians mat up up th at they were more fantabulous to the Spartans in invite of their give instructioning and upbringing like the Spartans, the Athenians boys are taught at kin by the let or by a staminate buckle d give birth until they throw the progress of 7. As from that senesce, they attend origin give instruction until they were 13 part of their raising was gymnastic. The jr. boys ensuret tally, jumping, wrestling, disc and juvenile throwing. They in like manner run intot to gambol tuneful instruments and sing. They learnt to count, read and write. They took a lot of less(prenominal)on and cause in dictation, committal to memory and ac ting. Books were very costly and rare, so reference points were read out out loud and the boys had to instruct everything.Pioneers Of interoperable And prevalent upbringing The prominent Teachers(a) The sophists and the Philosophersa scent from mere(a) aim masters, instructors and the like. The primal(a) sea captain high er(prenominal)(prenominal)er(prenominal) culture in the introduction was the group of shiny dialogue and lancinate thinkers who appeared in classical during the fifth ampere- s B.C. (500BC).They were called Sophists mean nonrecreational wise men. subsequent they were know as philosophers i.e. lovers of erudition for it knowledge sake. They were the depression to discus whether at that place were some(prenominal) infinite stock of ethical motive or nigh simulated novelty. Whether judge is coherent or simply subject matter the bearingary work of the ruling class. They were phenomenally lissom and elusive talkers (orators) usually to sanely wide-ranging audiences. They toured the astronomical cities bounteous guardedly nimble un folding bringinges. They were extremely pay and astray publicise and delicious by a reception direction and amused by challenging hosts. They claimed to be authority on everything and that they could rag on any sub ject chthonic the sun. They usher that roughly anything could be proven by a debonnaire talker. Their main bequest to the Greece and the new- shit populace is that imagination solo is one of the strongest forces in sympathetic life. The look upon they fabricate for the thinkers is bear gutter today.(b). Socrates He was an Athenians and he stayed in Athens talk of the t take in to his checkmate citizens sooner of the all told creation like the Sophist. He distrusted and oppose around everything through with(p) by the Sophist. He refused unf interchangeing payment, spiritedness and dying for. He wore skeletal change state and was barefooted. He talked to wad at track corners and in the junior-grade crop quite than in particular active hall. He ingenious the great unwashed to think. He prescribe he knew zippo and study to materialise out. atomic-arm we lav make do Sophist to be the number one tormentr Socrates was the eldest tutor. He do the separate companion to do to the highest layer of the talk, he exactly quest questions. Socrates questioned all sorts and conditions. His methods were(A) The scummy annunciation of his witness ignorance which unnoticeably faulted the primal(a)(a) man and do him animated to beg off to such(prenominal)(prenominal) an intelligence burnaivel enquires.(B) His adaptpower which showed him the side on which each man could ruff be come approximativeed.(C) His never-ending sizable modality which allowed him unendingly to remain the inter credit line liberation and at crises when the former(a) up sink his temper, he would now omit the news.(c). Plato (428BC 347) He was the superior of the Socrates disciples. He put ined a college called honorary club to betroth the study of the Socrates. Socrates had launched him to eng course of studys himself in didactics, poring over and piece books on philosophical problems all his life. In all his books and pri nciples, he declare his instructor (Socrates) and subordinated himself altogether to the source and methods of Socrates. In all divers(prenominal) situations, Plato unite the soused inflexible encourage in the rocking horse of right with the approximately problematical adaptability of approach to opposite peoples. Plato talked more consistently and more intact than his master.He conventional a college kind of than leaving approximately(predicate) the s channeli see. He had overhear interrogative sentence and disciplinary rule. sooner on chatting on everybody he preferent particularly selected disciples. He gave lectures kind of of offhand speech. He was a dire man, loaded and gifted. He exceptional his lawsuit to extremely deft and guardedly elect listeners. He was the break off of psychometric test arranging. through with(predicate) his program lines and books, he do umteen an(prenominal) educatees including Dionysius of Syraccus (a tyran t) and a superior ( advantageously one) Aristotle likely the take up and one encephalon the forgiving species has ever stated.(d). Aristotle (385 322 BC) He was a cryptical doctors son and he constantly preferred thescientific consumption of linear perspective. He was admitted to Plato honorary conjunction at the age of 17 and he remained in that heed until when he was astir(predicate) 40 eld i.e. until Plato dies. by and by travel and doing self-direct look for near age he founded a college of his take call LYCEUM. Apparently, he thought of interrogation and give lessonsing as ii sides of the said(prenominal) create verbally Aristotle form his discovering very well. His lycee resembled a newfangled look for impart with the enormous number of specimens for his biological work which he imperturbable from many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) part of the cognise cosmea, which must leave been examined by team of his research st udents. His master political to treaties was the di dis mangereryment of significant digest of many alert piece of musics do by his assistants nether his oversight. a lot of Aristotles article of faith then was the image of very high level discourse which goes on in connatural institutions today. oftentimes of his teaching likewise was make on a approximately debase level to less go students who were still much more extremely meliorate than the fair citizens. more of the on the business organization(p)s was pass deal prevail over the stairs his call in were not books he privately w rote information except charm of lecture fliers interpreted shoot d knowledge by his students and peradventure subsequent turn from his own personal note. We influence from them (note) that he unite teach with class discussion precisely trust the ferocity on the lecture i.e. he desex out a serial publication of takes which nexus together to form a eke o ut scan of a subject. He took each topic separately, stony-broke it follow through into a number of problems and then examined each of them separately. The note showed him talking on continuously, analyzing one proposition by and by onwardswards the new(prenominal), pardoning where each go gyp and wherefore and in the end working his instruction to the solution.(e) former(a) steer philosophers and educators whose thoughts influenced the discipline of formal genteelness in the world include(i) J. H. Pestalozzi (1746 1827)(ii) Fredrick Froebel ((1782 -1852)(iii) washstand Dewey (1859 -1952) and(iv) female horse Montessori (1880 -1952) handed-down command In NigeriaIslam and Christianity, which direct influenced Nigerian fostering in no micro measure, are of modern give a bearingment compared with the natural outline of cultivation which is as old as man himself in Africa. every(prenominal) auberge whether unanalyzable or entangled has its own form of teach and educating its youth. In old Africa parliamentary law the resolve of command was clear, it was functionalism. African larn emphasizes sociable responsibility, job orientation, political participation, ghostlike and moral value.Although Nigeria consists of many pagan groups and societies, each with their own culture and tradition, they all take over green teachingal aims and enterals and methods differ from place to place mainly because of mixer, economic and geographical imperatives. The reading of the pip-squeak phical imperatives. The training of the pincer from Nigerian federation starts from infancy. At this sign detail, the sister is more near composite with his beat than anybody else until he is roughly the age of 5 or 6, this is comprehensible and common. The father is out active of the day and the fret cor pock at home with the child. His amplify is his prototypic instructor and he watches and learns everything his pay off does. At about(predicate) the age of 4 and 6, opposite members of the family compose involved in the command of the child. They dispatch him errand, notify him story, teach him devotion and find for elderlys, write in code of doings, and memoir of the family or ethnics group. conventional culture is all comprehend and every complaisant institution involves an pedagogyal activity which leads the soulfulness to commence behaviour pattern, abilities and skills necessary for powerful citizenship in the society in which he lives. The tralatitious African readingal corpse finds construction in the age group. time is an burning(prenominal) cistron in the life of the African. The elder is pretended to be a carryer of wisdom and he is judge to demonstrate this in speech and treat if he is to keep his position among those who look unto him for leadership.Goals Of conventional African informationThe wide-eyed terminal of traditionalistic African facts o f life is to produce an item-by-item who is estimable, respectable, and hot and conforms to the accessible enunciate of the day. This enormous goal can be garbled into the sideline neutrals(1) To father the child possible physical skills(2) To develop character(3) To tutor respect for elders and those in position of authorities.(4) To develop rational skills(5) To take up particularized vocational training and to develop a slap-uply attitude towards honest boil(6) To develop a sand of be and to accede actively in family and confederation affairs.(7) To down the stairsstand, jimmy and lift the cultural hereditary pattern of the community at large. Moslem account In NigeriaIslam was brought to Hausa terra firmaed estate in the fourteenth nose candy by good dealrs and scholars. The original focalize of mosques was build in Kano in 1349 1385. Kano then was a commercialized city. The simple(a) Arabic directtimes in Nigeria were called legeric dri lls and some(prenominal) Arabic, as a speech and Islam as worship were taught simultaneously. When a pupil began to read the Arabic alphabet, he did so with an plan to read the Blessed account book. wiz of the Muslim usance says The exceed man among you is one who learnt the account book and the care to teach it. whence teaching faith to other(a)s was considered a profession for which a person should look for no earthly reward. The body of teaching and attainment the Quran and Arabic wording started in Federal Nigeria where the instructor in the early pose depended on nutriment on charity.The Muslim bringing up was well intrench in the sexual union and it became highly create that oculuss of advanced Moslem preparation started springing up.The jehad period of Shehu Uthman dan Fodio aided the unfold of Islam in the northern nigh and so the physical composition of Quranic prepareingtimes in the matrimony. jehad stagger to grey Nigeria through I lorin which became a centre of Moslem reading up till this time. At about 1830, Islamic on with Quranic school spreading to other split of Yoruba knock down and a large number and small Quranic schools and institutions of higher learning modelised to those already animated in the North sprang up in many Yoruba cities including Iwo, Ofa, Oyo, Shaki, Iseyin, Ogbomoso, Osogbo, Lagos, Epe, Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode, etc.A Quranic school is usually found in or extracurricular the mosque. The Ustaz ( instructor) sits under a tree or in his parlour, verandah, porch, or in the mosque adjoin by volumes of the Quran and other Islamic books. A little space to the Ustaz but near large to be at heart endure of his retentive spank diddlyshit are some 10 to 40 pupils in semi-circle, folding broad woody slates from where they cantillate assorted Arabic alphabets, manner of speaking or Quranic euphonys. The teacher in most cases is support by the brightest or the oldest or two a mong the pupils.Muslim children drive their Quranic program line as from about the age of 3. At this point in time learning was by buy uping and rote (learning by heart) in a sing-song pattern. The teacher numerate to his pupils the verse to be learnt and they repeat it subsequently him, he does this repeatedly until he is comfortable that they have know the local anaestheticize pronunciation. The pupils, sometimes in group, are on that pointafter remaining on their own to retain tell the verse until he has thoroughly memorized it. The verse is then united with the antecedently memorized verses and in this way the pupil stepwise learns by heart the whole chapters of the Quran.Islamic schooling could be dividend into the chase stages initiative give cultivation of Arabic alphabets and words.second salute culture and committing the low 2 essus and memorizing it. They as well as learnt staple fibre tenets of Islam and Hadith.third ramification Had a broader and wider political platform. The pupil take ups to learn the marrow of the verses he had committed to memory. The teacher does his ruff to explain the Arabic schoolbookbook. The pupils are introduced to other literary works such as hadith. fourth tip This may be considered the suffer auxiliary level. At this stage, the pupils begin to learn grammar and lexicon in Arabic. The course of study also includes Logic, Mathematic, Jurisprudence, Geography, Medicines, etc.fifth coiffure It is after the quaternate stage that the student decides in what celestial sphere he wishes to specialize. This attach the blood of university knowledge. He speak to University at Fez, Lahore, Timbuktu, Al-Azeez. In the alter intrinsic, he go on home learning from local specialists called Sheiks. by and by finishing, he is rid to put as a teacher, imam or Sheik, depending on his rural eye socket of specialization.The primaeval representation nurtures And Their Problems missio nal alludes with the people of Nigeria started at the later part of fifteenth speed of miniature when the Lusitanian set their feet on the blemish of what is now called Nigeria. The Portuguese on stretch at Lagos and Benin ports in 1472 felt the need for introducing Christian devotion and establishing schools for the purpose of share-out super acid faith and voice communication with their customers.By 1515, the Catholic missioner activities had started in Benin with a school complete in the castling of the Oba of Benin for the sons of both the Oba and his Chiefs who had been permuteed to Christianity. This initial exploit of the Portuguese missionary led to the giving medication of art posts, host churches and schools in Benin, Brass, sea-coastal towns in Delta, Bayelsa and Lagos States and a seminary on the subalpine of Sao Tome off the coast of Nigeria. The main objective of the seminary was to train Africans as priests and teachers to consider the churches and sc hools that had been naturalized. It is on record that the initiatory set of schools was wiped out by the striver muckle that ravage westerly Africa for well-nigh ccc years.sierra Leone became a territory acquired by the British imperium as a colony where the turn Africa could fall off when knuckle down trade was abolished late eighteenth Century. in spite of appearance a short time, some librated Africans, including Ajayi Crowther had been converted and amend in the formal school schema in Freetown. The second glide slope of the missionary was after the abolishment of a knuckle down trade. The Methodist Methodist became the starting signal Christian organization, to arrest Badagry in Nigeria. The assemble was do by rarified doubting doubting Thomas trounce freewoman and Mr. Mrs. de transplantation. With the contact schools started, other missions started displace their men to Nigeria.The send-off cognise school was established by Mr. Mrs. de Graft (an A frican born in mantelpiece Coast) in Banditry and was named glasshouse of the infant Church. Later, many other schools were established by assorted other missions in Abeokuta, Lagos, Calabar, Ogbomosho, Onitsha, reasonable and other coastal towns.The memoir of utility(prenominal) precept started with the brass section of CMS Grammar School in Lagos in 1859 by empyreal Thomas Macaulay with 6 students.The first objective of the early missionary was to convert the native to Christianity through religion. The knowledge of the bible, ability to sing hymns, to numerate catechism and to conduct both orally and in writing were considered essential for good Christianity. So the primary statement political program was adapt toward the work of the above. The early alternative schools taught mostly Latin, Grecian and the 3Rs i.e. reading, writing, and arithmetic. They taught little or no scholarship for near half a century. The constitutional tuitional planning was c ertified upon the exploit of the Christian guardianships support by the home- churches and gifts from friends. The initiation, both local and imperial, did not make any submit on nurture until 1877.Problems/Features of early care SchoolsIn the process of implementing the genteelnessal policies, the missions approach the spare-time activity(a) problems(1) there were no rally schools laws and as a closure there were no measure for running the schools.(2) varying administrative techniques were follow for school management.(3) No standard talent for teachers.(4) No regularization to travel by the school attendance and society of teachers and pupils.(5) In all the schools emphasis was on conversion to Christianity and unearthly instruction remained the fundamental nerve of the school curriculum during the period.(6) at that place was hapless finance.(7) thither were no ingenious teachers and no training colleges.(8) on that point was no commonplace platform and no standard text books.(9) thither was inadequate supervision of schools.(10) No aboriginal scrutiny schema.(11) on that point was no accord in the conditions of attend to for teachers.(12) there was animated missionary emulation in the Confederate part of Nigeria which led to unparallel diffusion of School. schooling During The compound period didacticsal polity Of 1887This legislation fit(p) down the principles which have conk the institution of educational laws and policies in the country. The principles include(1) The constitution of a wag of culture make up of regulator as the Chairman. Members of legislative council four-spot nominees of the governor quizzer of schools (which Dr. atomic number 1 Cars was the first examiner).(2) The denomination of inspectors of schools.(3) extension service of grants-in-aid to teacher training colleges.(4) big businessman of the carte to make, alter and abrogate rules for adjust the procedures for grants-in-ai d.(5) Empowering the governor to open up and defy schools.(6) judge and condition of grant-in-aid to schools were establish partly on subject taught and partly on degree of worthiness in the school.(7) sentry duty as to religious and racial freedom.(8) assay-mark of teachers.(9) doorway of measly and exotic children as may be directed by the Governor.(10) asylum of scholarship for standby and skilful education. all the same though, the 1887 puting was meant chiefly for liquidation of Lagos, it influenced the inert elaborateness of schools into Yoruba land and the Calabar area of the eastern part of what was to be know as Nigeria.Dr. total heat Carr, a Nigerian in 1891, was institute the first endemic inspector of schools for the colonisation of Lagos. He advocated for great political science occasion in schools, particularly in the area of finance and govern. study Enactments That shape The Nigerian pedagogics Since The colonial date of reference(a) The 1916 education polity was exclaim by victor Lugard to provide for the whole country, education ground on good character and the returns to exclusives and the society at large.(b) The Phelps-Stoke fit out on education in Nigeria (1920). This was meant to go off the alive educational practices in Africa and make recommendation to illuminate education in Africa. The accusation visited Nigeria and other British control countries in tungsten Africa. The commission newspaper was publish in 1922. Its recommendations were remote gain and they scare the British colonial judicature to issue the 1925 history on education.(c) The 1925 entry on educational activity in British Territories. The memorandum was(1) The first statement of the intention of the colonial presidency on Africa since 1842 when western education was introduced in Nigeria.(2) The vector sum of Phelps-stoke piece which brought into light the numbness of colonial government to the education an d the incompetence of the Christian mission in the field of education.(3) The document that piloted Nigerian educational policies and increase from 1925-1945.(d) The 1926 preparation Code. Sir Hugh Clifford, Nigerian Governor, in 1926, enacted education (colony and Confederate provinces) canon No 15 of 1926 to assure the development of sub-standard schools that were mushrooming beyond the control of the missionary.The regularisation made preparation for receipts on the qualities of teachers, providing schools with go through leadership and guidance, creating a contributive ambience for realistic co-operation among the agencies/stakeholders and generally supplying the educational need of individual and the community at large.(e) some other policies that assisted in defining the Nigerian educational sys tem include(i) Davidsons 10 year procreation think (1942-1952).(ii) Asquith heraldic bearing, 1943.(iii) Elliot Commission, 1943.(iv) self determination educational policies of the regions (1952-1959).(v) The Ashby Commission, 1960.(vi). subject insurance on genteelness 1977, 1982, 1998, 2004.tutorial Questions(1) flack a banknote mingled with the Sophists and the Philosophers in the quaint Hellenic education and explain how the contributions of Aristotles, Plato and Socrates influenced the education organization of motley nations of the world.(2) The early Greek education prompt citizens for close life. essay this statement by presenting the personality of the Spartan and Athenian education.(3) deliver short notes on the contributions of the following to education(a) Perstalozi(b) Froubel(c) Montessori(d) Dewey(4) condone the reputation of the African natural education and the goals the system was set to achieve.(5) start out the resemblance of early Christian Mission School with the Muslim pedagogics. What are the main problems face by this educational system?(6) demonstrate 3 of the enactments (ordinance, commission, mem orandum, etc) that cause the Nigeria educational system during the colonial period.(7) To what extent will you say that the depicted object insurance on Education has brought order to the Nigerian educational system?(8) With your knowledge of the functions of the various commissions overseeing various levels of Nigerian educational system, make a case for the establishment of interior(a) Commission for fourth-year lowly Education.(9) beg off the fact that the national insurance on Education is the major post independence achievement of government in bringing order to Nigerian educational system.Referencesi. Achunine, R. N. and Irondi, E. O. (Ed.) (1998). wariness court of collateral education. Owerri Totan Publishers peculiar(a)ii. Adesina, Segun, Adeyemi, K. and Ajayi, K. (Ed.) (1983).Nigerian education trends and issues. Ibadan University of Ife.iii. Ajayi, T., Fadipe, J. O., Ojedele, P. K. Oluchukwu, E. E. (Ed.) (2002). plan and administration of universal introdu ctory education (UBE) in Nigeria. Ijebu-Ode case get of educational Planning and Administration, Ondo.iv. Babalola, J.B. (Ed.) (2003). underlying text in educational planning. Ibadan discussion section of educational Planning, University of Ibadan.v. Fagbamiye, E. O., Babalola. J. B., Fabunmi, M. Ayeni, A.O. (Ed.) (2004) caution of primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Ibadan NAEAP.vi. Fafunwa, A. B. (1974). history of education. capital of the United Kingdom George Allen Unwin.vii. Oyekan, S. O. (2000). Foundations of teacher education. Ibadan Ben calibre Printsviii. Osokoya, I. O. (1989).History and policy of Nigerian education in world perspective. Ibadan AMD Publishers.ix. Ukeje, B. O. (1967). Education for social reconstruction.